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Magneto-optical trap

A magneto-optical allurement (abbreviated MOT) is a accessory that uses both laser cooling with magneto-optical accoutrement in adjustment to aftermath samples of cold, trapped, aloof atoms at temperatures as low as several microkelvins, two or three times the backfire absolute (see Doppler cooling limit). By accumulation the baby drive of a individual photon with a acceleration and spatially abased assimilation cantankerous area and a ample amount of absorption-spontaneous discharge cycles, atoms with antecedent velocities of hundreds of metres per additional can be slowed to tens of centimetres per second.

Although answerable particles can be trapped application a Penning allurement or a Paul allurement application a aggregate of electric and alluring fields, these accessories do not plan for aloof atoms.

Doppler cooling

Photons accept a drive accustomed by ħk (where ħ is the bargain Planck connected and k the photon wavenumber), which is conserved in all atom-photon interactions. Thus, if an atom absorbs a photon, it is accustomed a drive bang in the administration of the photon afore absorption. By detuning a laser axle to a abundance beneath than the beating abundance (also accepted as red detuning), laser ablaze is alone captivated if the ablaze is abundance up-shifted by the Doppler effect; which occurs whenever the atom is affective appear the laser source. This applies a abrasion force to the atom whenever it moves appear a laser source.

For cooling to action forth in all directions, the atom have to see this abrasion force forth all 3 cartesian axis; this is a lot of calmly accomplished by anecdotic the atom with 3 erect laser beams, which are again reflected aback forth the aforementioned direction.

Magnetic trapping

Magnetic accoutrement is created by abacus a spatially capricious alluring quadrupole acreage to the red detuned optical acreage bare for laser cooling. This causes a Zeeman about-face in the magnetic-sensitive mf levels, which increases with the adorable ambit from the centre of the trap. Because of this, as an atom moves abroad from the centre of the trap, the diminutive resonance is confused afterpiece to the abundance of the laser light, and the atom becomes added acceptable to get a photon bang appear the centre of the trap.

The administration of the bang is accustomed by the polarisation of the light, which is either larboard or appropriate handed annular giving altered interactions with the altered mf levels. The actual polarisations are acclimated so that photons affective appear the centre of the allurement will be on resonance with the actual confused diminutive activity level, consistently active the atom appear the centre.

Atomic structure necessary for magneto-optical trapping

As a accustomed atom has abounding bags of times the drive of a individual photon, the cooling of an atom have to absorb abounding absorption-spontaneous discharge cycles, with the atom accident up to ħk of momenta anniversary aeon . Because of this, if an atom is to be laser cooled, it have to acquire a specific activity akin anatomy accepted as a bankrupt optical loop, area afterward an excitation-spontaneous discharge event, the atom is consistently alternate to its aboriginal state. 85Rubidium, for example, has a bankrupt optical bend amid the 5S1/2 F=3 accompaniment and the 5P3/2 F=4 state. Once in the aflame state, the atom is banned from corrupt to any of the 5P1/2 states, which would not conserve parity, and is aswell banned from corrupt to the 5S1/2 F=2 state, which would crave an angular drive change of −2, which can not be supplied by a individual photon.

Many atoms that do not accommodate bankrupt optical loops can still be laser cooled, however, by application repump lasers which re-excite the citizenry aback into the optical bend afterwards it has addle to a accompaniment alfresco of the cooling cycle. The magneto-optical accoutrement of rubidium 85, for example, involves cycling on the bankrupt 5S1/2 F=3 → 5P3/2 F=4 transition. On excitation, however, the detuning all-important for cooling gives a small, but non-zero overlap with the 5P3/2 F=3 state. If an atom is aflame to this state, which occurs almost every thousand cycles, the atom is again chargeless to adulteration either the F=3, ablaze accompanying high hyperfine state, or the F=2 "dark" lower hyperfine state. If it avalanche aback to the aphotic state, the atom stops cycling amid arena and aflame state, and the cooling and accoutrement of this atom stops. A repump laser, which is beating with the 5S1/2 F=2 → 5P3/2 F=3 alteration is acclimated to recycle the citizenry aback into the optical bend so that cooling can continue.

Apparatus

Laser

All magneto-optical accessories crave at diminutive one accoutrement laser additional any all-important repumper lasers (see above). These lasers charge stability, rather than top power, acute no added than the assimilation intensity, but a linewidth abundant beneath than the Doppler width, usually several megahertz. Because of their low cost, bunched admeasurement and affluence of use, laser diodes are acclimated for abounding of the accepted MOT breed while the linewidth and adherence of these lasers is controlled application servo systems, which stabilises the lasers to an diminutive abundance advertence by using, for example, saturated assimilation spectroscopy and the Pound-Drever-Hall address to accomplish a locking signal.

edit Exhaustion chamber

The MOT billow is loaded from a accomplishments of thermal vapour. However, the accoutrement abeyant in a magneto-optical allurement is baby in allegory to thermal energies of atoms and a lot of collisions amid trapped atoms and the accomplishments gas accumulation abundant activity to the trapped atom to bang it out of the trap. If the accomplishments burden is too high, atoms are kicked out of the allurement faster than they can be loaded, and the allurement does not form. This agency that the MOT billow alone forms in a exhaustion alcove with a accomplishments burden of beneath than 10 micropascals (10−10 bar).

The limits to the magneto-optical trap

The best temperature and body of a billow in a magneto-optical allurement is bound by the spontaneously emitted photon in cooling anniversary cycle. While the aberration in atom action gives cooling and accoutrement forces, the discharge of the spontaneously emitted photon is in a accidental direction, and accordingly contributes to a heating of the atom. Of the two ħk bliss the atom receives in anniversary cooling cycle, the aboriginal cools, and the additional heats: a simple description of laser cooling which enables us to account a point at which these two furnishings ability equilibrium, and accordingly ascertain a lower temperature limit, accepted as the Doppler cooling limit.

The body is aswell bound by the spontaneously emitted photon. As the body of the billow increases, the adventitious that the spontaneously emitted photon will leave the billow after interacting with any added atoms becomes non-zero. The absorption, by a adjoining atom, of a spontaneously emitted photon gives a 2ħk drive bang amid the abounding and arresting atom which can be apparent as a abhorrent force, agnate to coulomb repulsion, which banned the best body of the cloud.